Quantify the concentration and fragility of global supply chains for critical inputs, measure the economic cost of supply disruptions, and assess the adequacy of current corporate and government resilience strategies.

Global Supply Chain Mapping Project (MIT) data on supplier concentration across 500 product categories. Analysis of COVID-19 and semiconductor shortage disruption costs from IMF, WTO, and firm-level studies. Supply chain risk modeling using network analysis of 10,000+ firms' supplier relationships from Bloomberg, S&P Capital IQ, and regulatory filings.

Just-in-time supply chains that optimize for cost have created catastrophic fragility: 96% of firms in a Deloitte survey have no visibility beyond their direct suppliers (Tier 1) — meaning true supply chain risk is invisible.

2 trillion in economic activity despite the underlying supply shortage being only 3–5% globally — revealing that the breakdown was entirely informational and architectural. COVID-19 showed that many critical inputs (active pharmaceutical ingredients, rare earth elements, electronics components) are single-sourced or concentrated in 2-3 suppliers globally.

The cost of supply chain fragility is estimated at $7-12 trillion annually in economic losses, wait times, and expedited shipping premiums. Yet corporate supply chain resilience investment has declined 15% in real terms since 2015.