Quantify the scale of unsafe water exposure, map the distribution of contaminants (PFOA, lead, microplastics), assess infrastructure vulnerability to climate change, and estimate the economic cost of water insecurity.

Analysis of WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme data across 189 countries. USGS PFAS contamination mapping. Lead service line inventory analysis from 40 major cities. Climate-water infrastructure vulnerability assessments from World Bank and ADB. Cost of disease burden from WHO DALY estimates.

5 billion lack safely managed sanitation. PFOA and PFAS contamination affects groundwater in 95+ countries and drinking water in 1,000+ US municipalities alone. Lead contamination from aging service lines affects an estimated 250M people globally. Climate change is reducing reliable freshwater availability for 2B people by 2050.

The annual economic cost of unsafe water is estimated at $260 billion in lost productivity and health costs. 4% today — a 50% decline despite growing need.