Quantify the scale of global water infrastructure deficit, assess contamination pathways affecting 2 billion people, and evaluate climate vulnerability of existing water systems across 180 countries.

World Bank Water Supply and Sanitation Database cross-referenced with WHO/UNICEF JMP country surveys. Contamination analysis using USGS and UNEP reports on pathogen and chemical contamination. Climate physical risk assessment from Four Twenty Seven. Infrastructure age and replacement rate data from World Water Council.

6 billion lack safely managed sanitation. 80% of wastewater globally is discharged untreated into receiving waters. 5M deaths annually; chemical contamination (arsenic, fluoride, lead) affects another 100M+ people. In low-income countries, water infrastructure is funded at 1/3 the replacement rate needed to maintain service — creating a deferred maintenance crisis.

7 billion under current trajectories. The investment gap is $114B annually through 2030.